<p>The Whitewater Shaker Settlement  is a former Shaker settlement near New Haven in Crosby Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Established in 1824 and closed in 1916, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origins of Whitewater trace back to a small group of settlers in southern Butler County, Ohio, who gathered together as Shakers in 1822, possibly earlier. In 1823, the members of three prominent Butler County families joined, and this community (which had no formal name) moved to a larger farm. Undoubtedly at the urging of an early convert, Miriam Agnew, the Union Village ministry increased its spiritual and material support for Whitewater, culminating in the first purchase of land for White Water by Union Village trustees in 1824. The newly gathered Believers were joined in 1824 by the Darby Plain Shakers, whose former New Light and Farnhamite preacher, Nathan Burlingame, was the first to arrive at White Water from that abandoned central Ohio community.</p><br>
<p>The first years were difficult because their few acres were forested and poor for farming. Noting the deprivations of the group, Calvin Morrell wrote later at Union Village, "It was Lent with them nearly all year round." In 1825, however, the Shakers were able to purchase 215 acre of good land for a mill seat on the Dry Fork of the Whitewater River, and the new community moved again to the site of the White Water North Family. Union Village brethren arrived in 1826 to help establish the family. The brick Meeting House was completed in 1827, the same year that the Shakers&#39; sawmill on the Dry Fork commenced operations. That year membership swelled when West Union was dissolved. In 1835 there were 42 females and 35 males, including children, in spite of defections during years just past.</p><br>
<p>Another group that added to the ranks of the White Water Shakers were followers of William Miller. He predicted the exact moment in April 1843 for Christ&#39;s Second Coming. People wound up their earthly affairs, dressed in ascension robes, and waited. Miller set another date six months later, but that final judgment day passed, too. His disappointed followers, the Millerites or Second Adventists, were courted by the Shakers who convinced the Millerites that the Shakers had already experienced the Second Coming in a spiritual sense.</p><br>
<p>At its peak with the conversion of the Millerites in 1846, White Water village comprised 706 acre in Hamilton County and 190 acre in Butler County on which 200 believers in two families worked the large farm and engaged in a variety of industries. The Shakers would purchase additional land and establish a third family in the 1850s, and they remained a vibrant community into the 1880s when the long, slow decline began. The White Water Shakers operated a grist mill, sawmill, and possibly a brewery. They raised broom corn and manufactured brooms, sold packaged garden seeds (grossing $5,704 in 1857), and maintained large apple orchards for the sale of applesauce and cider. Other industries included sorghum molasses, honey, and preserved currents, grapes, and strawberries. The Shakers also raised silkworms for the manufacture of their own shawls, scarves, and handkerchiefs. In the final years of the community, the Believers were well known for raising fish in two Shaker-made ponds and for selling turkey eggs.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War affected the Whitewater community. In April 1863, Morgan&#39;s Raiders passed through the community. Because a mill worker warned the rest of the community of the approach of the Raiders and the Shakers quickly hid their horses, only two horses were stolen. However, pursuing Union cavalrymen troops arrived on the following day, and they too took horses.</p><br>
<p>After 30 years of decline and a change in leadership, in 1911 the Union Village ministry decided to lease the South, Center, and North Family farms. The remaining Shakers resided in the Office until 1916, when the farms were sold. Land owned by the community over its 94 years of existence included 1,128 acre in Hamilton County, 664 acre in Butler County, and 972 acre in Clinton County – totaling 2,764 acre. December 4, 1916, marked the final land sale and the departure of Elder Andrew Barrett and Eldress Mary Gass. Elder Barrett went to Hancock, the Shaker community near Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Eldress Mary Gass went to Mount Lebanon, New York, the leading Shaker community in the East. While the South and Center farms remained in agricultural use, the North Family land was subsequently divided and the brick Meeting House and Dwelling House passed to separate owners.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, the Great Parks of Hamilton County District purchased much of the remaining White Water buildings and land. The Park District owns 23 original Shaker-built or Shaker-used structures, including the 1827 two-story meetinghouse (the only extant brick Shaker meetinghouse), the 1832-33 North Family dwelling, a brick Trustee&#39;s Office with its 1855 date stone, a brick shop, a frame broom shop, and numerous barns and farm outbuildings. In all, this is the largest collection of Shaker building in Ohio and represents one of the most intact of all the Shaker villages.</p><br>
<p>The Wilder–Swaim House is a historic house in Montgomery, Ohio, United States. Built in 1815,</p><br>
<p>The most significant event in the houses history was a major expansion around 1840; such an expansion was a common event in early Montgomery as it transitioned from a frontier settlement to an established community. Although most of Montgomerys nineteenth-century buildings date from the first half of the century, houses as old as the Wilder–Swaim House are rare. It has been changed less by time than have many other surviving early houses; as a result, it has been seen as one of the area&#39;s best-preserved early Federal structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, the Wilder–Swaim House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its well-preserved historic architecture. It is one of five locations in Montgomery that is listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Universalist Church Historic District, and the Yost Tavern. Today, the house is used by a historic preservation organization known as the Montgomery Historic Preservation Association.</p><br>
<p>Samuel and Sally Wilson House is a registered historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on November 15, 2000. It was a stop on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>From the 1840s to the 1870s, well-to-do merchants and businessmen moved to the College Hill neighborhood of Cincinnati, making it a prestigious rural village characterized by large homes on spacious lots. The presence of two colleges in College Hill attracted abolitionist Presbyterian educators. These educational opportunities attracted Samuel and Sally Wilson, Presbyterians who had been criticized while living in Reading, Ohio, for their abolitionist view. Two of their seven children had previously attended the Cary Academy in College Hill and in 1848 their daughter Mary became a charter faculty member of the Ohio Female College there, which admitted women and employed female faculty.</p><br>
<p>The Wilsons built their Greek Revival home in College Hill in 1849, after which it became a station on the Underground Railroad until at least 1852. During these years, ten members of the family lived in the house, including four adult children, three grandchildren, and an aunt. In this house the Wilson family made important contributions to the history of the community through their leadership in American educational, religious, political and civic events. The abolitionist efforts of three of the adult children, Mary Jane Wilson Pyle, Harriet Nesmith Wilson, and Joseph Gardner Wilson, are documented in many sources. Mary, widowed in 1848, had been teaching at the College since then, while the youngest daughter Harriet taught in local public schools for 30 years, and lived at the Wilson house from 1849 until her death at age 95 in 1920. The youngest son Joseph was also a local professor, and lived at home until 1852. Joseph collected apparel from the families of this students and cooperated in obtaining disguises for runaways.</p><br>
<p>While the other four adults who lived in the house are not mentioned by name in existing documentation, they probably assisted fugitive slaves during the years that the house was used as a station. A local publication by the Cincinnati Historic Society states "All the Wilson children were active in the abolitionist movement and aided many Blacks to make their way north by supplying food, clothing, and a hiding place." In the early 20th century several groups of elderly African American men returned to the house and asked to see the cellar where they had once hidden and recognized the Wilsons former housekeeper, Christine Gramm, still living at the house where she had first been employed in the 1850s. An extensive letter written by Harriet Wilson in 1892 describes her familys efforts helping slaves escape through College Hill. On one occasion when pursuers were headed to College Hill to search for runaway slaves, Harriet state "The women being entertained by our family were terribly frightened declaring that they would die rather than be taken and carried back. Though quite large in size they were ready and willing to crawl through a small aperture into a dark cellar where they would be safe." She states that her sister Mary "was for many years a teacher...and were living could give you vivid pictures of the workings of the Underground R.R., for but a few who traveled by it to College Hill, but who were encouraged by her words of cheer and aided by her helping hand." Harriet worked in Cincinnati and returned to College Hill on the weekends. Prior to her trip home on Friday evenings, she was given the number of slaves en route to College Hill so the "stations" were ready for their arrival. She recalls that "frequently, when at home on Saturday and asking for some article of clothing, I would receive the reply, Gone to Canada."</p><br>
<p>After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Harriet recalled that "the work had become too well known... it was deemed wiser to have it carried on by other less exposed routes so in the years immediately preceding the civil war, there were comparatively none coming to the Hill yet those interested in the cause of human rights did their part financially to help in the work...."</p><br>
<p>The Samuel and Sally Wilson House is located at 1502 Aster Place, in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson-Gibson House is a historic residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the middle of the 19th century, it features a mix of two prominent architectural styles, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The lot currently located at 425 Oak Street was originally part of a subdivision known as "Vernon Village". Although the property was first owned by John Frazier, James Wilson bought it in 1859 at sheriffs sale and soon began construction on the site. Soon after its completion in the following year, Wilsons brother moved into the new house and lived in it for thirteen years, vacating it only at his death. Among the later owners was Louis Hauck, whose daughter Katherine Gibson was the owner whose name is on the house.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick on a stone foundation, the Wilson-Gibson House is a two-and-a-half-story residence with walls full of shuttered windows. Unusually, it mixes components of two popular architectural styles that overlapped but little: the earlier Federal style and the later Neoclassical style. Cincinnati architectural historians have suggested that the house is patterned after the Taft Museum of Art downtown; both buildings are brick Federal structures with fanlights and sidelights around their grand double doors, paired internal chimneys, and six-over-six windows.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Wilson-Gibson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. One of nearly 250 Cincinnati locations on the Register, it qualified for inclusion based on its distinctive historic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Winton Place Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church building in the Winton Place neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States that was constructed as the home of a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the late nineteenth century. The congregation grew out of a group that was founded in 1856; although the members erected their first building in 1860, they were not officially organized until 1872. Among the leading members of the congregation was Samuel Hannaford, a prominent Cincinnati architect. When the congregation chose to build a new church building in 1884, Hannaford was chosen as the architect for the project. At this time, Hannaford was near to the peak of his prestige: he had ended a partnership with another architect seven years before, and his reputation was growing with his designs of significant Cincinnati-area buildings such as the Cincinnati Music Hall.</p><br>
<p>Hannaford&#39;s design was a stone building, one-and-one-half stories tall; laid in ashlar blocks, while its roof is composed of slates. It is predominately a Romanesque Revival structure, with certain elements that resemble the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Among the most distinctive elements of its facade is a large Romanesque Revival arch above the entrance. Other Romanesque Revival details include three arcaded windows with columns, plus a large octagonal tower on the southeastern corner of the building, which features a belfry, narrow windows, and a steep slate roof.</p><br>
<p>Two of the most important events in the history of this church building occurred after Hannaford&#39;s death. Soon after he died on January 7, 1911, his funeral was held in the church, and thirteen years later, the building was expanded.</p><br>
<p>Early in March 1980, the Winton Place Methodist Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven other Cincinnati-area church buildings designed by Hannaford, as well as dozens of other structures in the city, were listed on the National Register at the same time as part of a multiple property submission. Today, the church building is no longer used by any congregation of the large United Methodist Church: it is now the home of the Winton Community Free Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>The Gorham A. Worth House is a historic residence in the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Located atop a hill along Auburncrest Avenue, the house was built in 1819 in a version of the Federal style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>Gorham A. Worth purchased rural property northeast of the village of Cincinnati in 1818. He had settled in Hamilton County one year previously, having been named the cashier of the Cincinnati branch of the Bank of the United States. By the end of the following year, he had constructed the present two-story frame structure. Composed of a central structure, wings on each side, and a rear ell, the house features a large, five-bay porch around its entrance; among the distinctive elements of this porch are wooden columns crafted in the Tuscan order. The design of the main entrance closely resembles that of the grand Baum-Taft House in Lytle Park, which was constructed in the following year. Among the Worth Houses later residents were the family of a locally prominent man, Robert McGregor; he was the namesake for a nearby street, McGregor Avenue, and he was of sufficient social status that his daughter was able to meet Albert, Prince of Wales, during his mid-century visit to the United States. After the McGregors, the house was home to the family of Guy Ward Mallon, a significant figure in the history of Ohios political structure; he was responsible for introducing the Australian ballot into Ohio elections, for pioneering the effort to reorganize Cincinnati&#39;s city charter, and for writing a popular guide to elections.</p><br>
<p>One of the first houses to be built on Mount Auburn, the Gorham A. Worth House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its well-preserved historic architecture, which was deemed to be significant throughout Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Thew Wright House is a historic residence in the far western part of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Located in the neighborhood of Riverside, it was originally home to lawyer and federal judge Daniel Thew Wright, and it has been named a historic site because of its distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Thew Wright was a native of Riverside, born there in 1864, at which time it was still a separate municipality; he was the son of D. Thew Wright, a judge of the common pleas court for Hamilton County. After graduating from the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1887, the younger Wright entered into private practice in Cincinnati before taking a succession of mayoral and judicial offices; he later served as a judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia before retiring. In 1895, while a common pleas court judge, Wright purchased land of his father in Riverside and soon began the construction of the present house.</p><br>
<p>Built of wood on a foundation of random stone, the Wright&#39;s house combines architectural components such as the Palladian window, Ionic capitals on the pilasters, dentils, and pediments atop the gables. Inside, elements such as the fireplace mantels and the doors and doorways demonstrate Neoclassical design influences on their trim. Taken together, these components produce a prominent example of the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Wright House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and its historically significant architecture. It is one of two Register-listed houses on River Road (US 50) in Riverside, along with the substantially older Matthew McWilliams House a short distance to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Yost Tavern is a historic former inn in the city of Montgomery, Ohio, United States. Built in 1805, when Montgomery was founded, it remained in operation as a lodging establishment until a long period of use as a house, and it was donated to the city after being owned by the local Kiwanis chapter. It has also been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Yost both lived and operated a tavern in the building, and his business flourished because of its location along the highway to Cincinnati. He built the structure in 1805, the year in which the village of Montgomery was incorporated. Within four years, Columbus-bound traffic was causing business to boom; Yosts customers purchased more than fifty barrels of whiskey in 1809 alone. After Yost, the building became a house alone; White Miller bought it in 1870, and his descendants remained in ownership and in residence until 1968. In the latter year, the communitys Kiwanis club purchased the property, donated some of the chattels to the local historical society, and sold the remnant at public auction. The club retained the tavern for just eleven years before giving it to the Montgomery city government in 1979.Rose, Mary Lou, ed. The building currently serves as the corporate headquarters of WorkFlex Solutions LLC.</p><br>
<p>. Montgomery: Montgomery Historical Society, 1995, 13-14.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, the tavern is a simple gable-front structure with a rear lean-to. The two-story facade is pierced by four openings (a doorway and window on the first floor, and two windows on the second), with another entrance to the side. The walls are weatherboarded, set on a stone foundation and covered by a metal roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the old tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its significant importance in community history. It is one of five locations in Montgomery to be listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Universalist Church Historic District, and the Wilder-Swaim House. The building also has been designated as a local landmark by the Montgomery city government. The building currently serves as the corporate headquarters of WorkFlex Solutions LLC.</p><br>
<p>Mount Matsuo is a 687 m mountain in Sasayama, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. Another name is Mount Kosen-ji, literally, "Mountain of Kosen-ji."</p><br>
<h2>Religion and History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Matsuo is one of the major objects of worships for the people in this area. On this mountain, a Buddhist temple named ‘Kosen-ji’ was established in 645 by Hodo Sennin. This temple was re-established by Denkyo Taishi in the 9th century. The temple was burned by Akechi Mitsuhide in the 16th century, but re-established again by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In the Edo period, it is said that there were 28 monk houses in the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Kosen-ji was also destroyed as a result of the Shinbutsu bunri, literally, Shinto-Buddhism-separation.</p><br>
<p>Sakai Castle once stood on the top of this mountain; however, it was destroyed after the decline of the Sakai clan.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Furuichi Station of Fukuchiyama Line</p><br>
<p>Sasayamaguchi Station of Fukuchiyama Line</p><br>
<p>Meall na Teanga is a Scottish mountain located in the Highland council area, 11 km north of Spean Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Meall na Teanga is situated on the northern side of Loch Lochy and is closely associated with the adjacent Munro of Sròn a&#39; Choire Ghairbh which lies two kilometres to the north across the Cam Bealach ("crooked pass"). The two mountains are usually ascended together. Meall na Teanga is seen prominently from the A82 road on the opposite bank of Loch Lochy, showing steep slopes which have the conifer plantations of the South Laggan Forest below the 300 metre contour.</p><br>
<p>The hill just qualifies as a Munro by four metres, reaching a height of 918 m. In the original 1891 version of Munros Tables, Meall na Teanga was listed as a subsidiary "Top" of Sròn a Choire Ghairbh. It was promoted to Munro status when the tables were updated in 1921, despite continuing doubts as to whether it had sufficient height. The hills name translates from the Gaelic as "Hill of the Tongue". This refers to one of the hills ridges: either the long tongue-like western ridge which curves round two fine corries, or the steep buttressing spur which rises from the loch to the summit. The hill is sometimes referred to by its informal moniker of "Tango".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Meall na Teanga is made up of a series of short ridges and one longer one and has three fine corries on its slopes. The longer western ridge runs for two kilometres before dropping down steep grassy slopes to the head of Gleann Cia-aig. It runs along the rim of two large north-facing corries. Coire Odhar Mor and Coire Odhar Beag are both steep and craggy, and their streams form the headwaters of the Abhainn Chia-aig which flows west then south around the mountain to join the River Arkaig in the Great Glen. The shorter north-east ridge goes over the lesser top of Meall Dubh (839 metres) before descending to the top of the Cam Beallach, which links it to the adjoining Munro of Sròn a&#39; Choire Ghairbh.</p><br>
<p>In all, Meall na Teanga has three subsidiary tops, none of which has sufficient altitude to be regarded as Munro Tops. In addition to the already mentioned Meall Dubh, there is Meall Odhar (872 metres) which stands on the western ridge above Coire Odhar Mòr, and Meall Coire Lochain (907 metres), 600 metres south-west of the summit above the hill&#39;s third corrie Coire Lochain which has a small lochan within it. All drainage from the mountain finds its way to Loch Lochy and then to the west coast via Loch Linnhe.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The most popular ascent of Meall na Teanga is from the top of the Cam Beallach pass; from here an ascent of the adjacent Sròn a Choire Ghairbh can also be made. The Cam Beallach can be approached from the south from the car park at the Cia-aig waterfall on the B8005 at grid reference, however the approach from the north-east starting at Laggan Locks just off the A82 at grid reference is now more popular, now that the track to the pass through the South Laggan Forest has been cleared of logging debris by the Forestry Commission. A more interesting ascent from the Cia-aig waterfall can be undertaken by climbing the hills western ridge from the head of Gleann Cia-aig; this route gives the opportunity to appreciate the corries on that ridge. The summit is marked by a cairn of boulders and gives views across the Great Glen towards the Grey Corries, the Aonachs and Ben Nevis.</p><br>
<p>Little Grassy Lake is a 1,200-acre  reservoir in southern Illinois, created by the damming of Little Grassy Creek, a tributary of Crab Orchard Lake and the Big Muddy River. Most of the lake is located in Williamson County, southeast of Carbondale, Illinois. The lake is accessible from Giant City Road out of Carbondale, Illinois. Two arms of the lake penetrate into adjacent Jackson County. The lake is managed by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little Grassy Lake was built in 1940 as part of federal relief efforts surrounding recovery from the Great Depression. The surrounding hills, forested with oak and hickory trees, did not offer good farming potential, and the federal government condemned the farms to construct the lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, activity around the lake increased when the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) chose a land parcel near the Little Grassy dam as the site for its primary warm-water hatchery for the production of fish such as largemouth bass, bluegill, channel catfish, and redear sunfish for stocking., 15.0 million fingerlings are produced annually.</p><br>
<h2>The lake today</h2><br>
<p>Little Grassy Lake is managed for warmwater fishing, with largemouth bass, bluegill, channel catfish, and crappie stocked and caught. There is a power limit on the lake, with motors restricted to 10 h.p. or less. A USA Fish and Wildlife Service permit is required for use of the lake. A campground and marina operates during fishing season.</p><br>
<p>Little Grassy Lake is IDNR&#39;s sole catfish hatchery. For catfish, the spawning and fish maturation process requires at least one year, with mature fish spawning on or around June 1; the fish take at least 13 months to grow to a "nonvulnerable" length of 8 inches (20 cm) and are typically ready for delivery to their new homes in July of the following summer. IDNR distributes Little Grassy catfish to 220 separate Illinois waterways.</p><br>
<p>A stretch of spillway directly below the Little Grassy dam, measuring 0.2 miles (0.3 km) in length, is a noted whitewater spot, rated at Class II-IV depending on spillway flow conditions. The spillway tends to operate during rain or snow meltwater runoff events in winter and early spring.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Ridge Boy Scout Reservation is also situated on the Northeastern edge of the lake, almost a mile away from the dam.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Isthmia is an ancient Greek temple on the Isthmus of Corinth dedicated to the god Poseidon and built in the Archaic Period. It is about 16 km east of ancient Corinth, at the site of ancient Isthmia. It appears to have been constructed in the seventh century BC though was later destroyed in 470 BC and rebuilt as the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia in c. 440 BC during the Classical period.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was originally found by Oscar Broneer in 1952 with excavations continuing until 1967. He published his findings in a series of three volumes starting in 1971, and in articles in the Hesperia Journal. He dated the temple to about 700 BC and produced a reconstruction of the temple which featured a wooden peristyle in the Doric style. Between August 16 and November 29, 1989 a new period of excavation was undertaken, mostly to clear up some of the disputes that had arisen over the conclusions Broneer had made on his finds. The first report of the 1989 findings was published in Hesperia in 1992, with subsequent reports following in later years and has contributed to the debate which primarily focuses around the dating of the temple, but also includes the nature of its layout and general usage and development.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia was one of great activity up until the third century AD. It was the last location of one of the four Pan-Hellenic Games from the sixth century (around 581 BC) to be found, and had numerous buildings constructed in its vicinity. These ranged from Roman baths to a theatre and most importantly two temples. The Archaic temple was the first erected and was destroyed by fire in 470 BC; the site of the temple was then rebuilt upon, resulting in a larger temple constructed directly on top of the Archaic in the Classical period, which was also destroyed by fire, this time in 390 BC. Excavations of the site were conducted in both the original 1952 excavations, and again in 1989. The latter excavations helped to uncover evidence relating to all the areas of development of Isthmia from the Bronze Age to the Roman period, but in particular focused on the Archaic temple, partly because this is the most complete of the buildings found at the site despite being one of the oldest.</p><br>
<p>With the progression of the centuries from the eighth to the seventh it is apparent that there is the emergence of a new period in both Greek architectural and artistic history. Corinth was at the centre of this with its development of new pottery design, settlement planning, military organisation and most significantly being the possible birthplace of monumental buildings and a new style of Architecture known as the Doric order. The date of the Archaic temple’s construction is important then as it establishes when monumental architecture began as well as when the transition from Iron Age architecture to Doric occurred. This was also the point where the Greek temple as a whole became a defined form.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>The debates that occurred after the first publication of Broneers results focused on his inclusion of a wooden peristyle of the Doric order, and a construction date of c. 700 BC. Historians such as J. B. Salmons in his book Wealthy Corinth (1984) stated that the temple was constructed under the reign of Cypselus; this contradicted Broneers suggestions as Cypselus did not achieve power until 657 BC, and so would put back the creation of the temple by about 50 years. Furthermore, it was disputed whether the temple was even Doric in design and the proposed plan of Broneer detailing the temples foundations had little evidence in support.</p><br>
<p>The 1989 excavations contained important discoveries that helped to establish that the temple was actually constructed later than Broneer had anticipated, and puts it at a date that ranges from about 690 to 650 BC. This date would mean that it could have been possible for it to have been constructed during Cypselus’ reign, as well as suggesting a later date for appearance of monumental buildings. The excavations achieved their results through a variety of methods. Prior to the excavations topographical and stratigraphical investigations were carried out of the known buildings under the surface. When digging commenced trenches were made, for the most part extensions on Broneer’s original trenches. The soil that was collected was then both dry sieved and wet sieved and from this many finds were made. Deposits containing large amounts of pottery, ashes as well as stone foundations were all found which helped to determine answers to many of the questions that had been raised. The Ceramics recovered helped to ascertain a more accurate date, this was through the finding of pottery such as that of the aryballoi style, which is an effective means of dating owing to their introduction at the beginning of the seventh century. Furthermore, the ground plan and surrounding features of the site were now able to be mapped with a good degree of accuracy. In the reports, this fact that the temple floor plan could be reconstructed accurately is mentioned as the most important find of the 1989 excavations. The ground plan showed a temple that was of unrivalled proportions for its time and of a layout that was almost entirely new. This therefore showed the origins of monumental buildings on the Greek mainland and provided an approximate date. Also though it further established that there was no evidence for the employment of the Doric style as suggested by Broneer. Although Broneer stated of his reconstruction that it was speculative, and still appears to have no evidence in support its existence, this does not mean the temple was not one of the pioneering buildings featuring Doric architecture. This is because all that is known from the temple is what has been found in deposits of pottery and the stone foundations, as the temple was completely destroyed in 470 BC (also known from pottery discovered during excavations, particularly burnt pottery). There is little that remains other than the floor plan, or at least that has been found thus far, and so the actual style is hard to put any firm conclusion to. It is however apparent from the excavations though, the layout of supporting pillars and dimensions, which beyond doubt can tell us that it was a temple of epic proportions for its time.</p><br>
<p>Ultimately the importance of the Isthmian site stems from the fact that almost all the knowledge of the Archaic temple comes from archaeology. There are few references in contemporary Greek literature, for example in Herodotus’ The Histories there is mention only of Cypselus’ reign in passing, being one of great prosperity, and of the battles and beginning of the Pan-Hellenic games at Isthmia. This means that when studying the origins of Greek monumental architecture and the Doric order and such like, the archaeology remains the only real source of information. In this respects the temple at Isthmia is key in looking at these early developments and the 1989 excavations helped to establish details concerning dating, size and style. From this further study can now be undertaken such as who built the temple, as suggested earlier Cypselus is noted as a candidate but it could well have been before his time. Furthermore, future excavations may be able to uncover more evidence on the temples relation to Doric architecture and so overall bring together a clearer picture of the changes that occurred as Greece moved on from the Iron Age into the Classical period.</p><br>
<p>* Not to be confused with the Montagne Noire of Languedoc-Rousillon</p><br>
<p>The Montagnes Noires (French: &#39;the black mountains&#39;), also known as the Montagne Noire (French: &#39;the black mountain&#39;) and in Breton as Menez Du are an east-west oriented range of hills in Brittany centred on the town of Gourin. They culminate in the peak of Roc de Toullaeron (Breton: Roc&#39;h Toull-al-Laeron)</p><br>
<p>which attains a height of either 318m or 326m. Other significant peaks include Ar Menez (304m) and Montagne Noir (307m) (or, in Breton: Menez Du).</p><br>
<p>They are composed from a range of Precambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian rocks forming a part of the Variscan orogen and include sandstones, quartzites and slates.</p><br>
<p>The hills form a part of the border between the départements of Finistère and Morbihan and just extend into Côtes-du-Nord.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Niya, is an archaeological site located about 115 km north of modern Minfeng Town  on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin in modern-day Xinjiang, China. The ancient site was known in its native language as Caḍ́ota, and in Chinese during the Han Dynasty as Jingjue. Numerous ancient archaeological artifacts have been uncovered at the site.</p><br>
<p>Niya was once a major commercial center on an oasis on the southern branch of the Silk Road in the southern Taklamakan Desert. During ancient times camel caravans would cut through, carrying goods from China to Central Asia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In Hanshu, an independent oasis state called Jingjue, generally thought to be Niya, is mentioned:</p><br>
<p>Niya became part of Loulan Kingdom by the third century. Towards the end of the fourth century it was under Chinese suzerainty, later it was conquered by Tibet.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, Aurel Stein set out on an expedition to western China and the Taklamakan Desert. In Niya he excavated several groups of dwellings, and found 100 wooden tablets written in 105 CE. These tablets bore clay seals, official orders and letters written in Kharoshthi, an early Indic script, dating them to the Kushan empire. Other finds include coins and documents dating from the Han dynasty, Roman coins, an ancient mouse trap, a walking stick, part of a guitar, a bow in working order, a carved stool, an elaborately-designed rug and other textile fragments, as well as many other household objects such as wooden furniture with elaborate carving, pottery, Chinese basketry and lacquer ware. Aurel Stein visited Niya four times between 1901 and 1931.</p><br>
<p>Official approval for joint Sino-Japanese archaeological excavations at the site was given in 1994. Researchers have now found remains of human habitation including approximately 100 dwellings, burial areas, sheds for animals, orchards, gardens, and agricultural fields. They have also found in the dwellings well-preserved tools such as iron axes and sickles, wooden clubs, pottery urns and jars of preserved crops. The human remains found there have led to speculation on the origins of these peoples.</p><br>
<p>Some archeological findings from the ruins of Niya are housed in the Tokyo National Museum. Others are part of the Stein collection in the British Museum, the British Library, and the National Museum in New Delhi.</p><br>
<p>Ancient texts showed some king names.</p><br>
<p>A previously unknown Inca settlement, Quriwayrachina or Quri Wayrachina , was found in the Willkapampa mountain range in the Cusco Region of Peru in 2001. The site lies in the Santa Teresa District of the La Convención Province, north of the archaeological site of Choquequirao and west of the mountains Kiswar and Quriwayrachina , on a mountain named Victoria. Close to nearby ancient Inca mines, the surrounding hills are covered with the littered stones from more than 200 structures in this Inca outpost.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The British photographer and researcher Peter Frost discovered in 1999 a walking trail of the village. In June 2001 he led a group of archaeologists to the area. They found an area of 6 square kilometres of agricultural terraces, grain storage, cemeteries, grave towers, more than 100 circular buildings, the stump of a pyramid and an 8 km long canal, which was used for irrigation. The religious and administrative center was an open plaza, under which a tomb was located.</p><br>
<p>When the researchers arrived in Quriwayrachina, the city had been looted already. Skeletons were found in the graves but with no grave goods. The pottery and stone tools found were identified with two different time periods. Estimates place the origin of the outpost in the early 13th century, then abandoned, later to be resettled.</p><br>
<p>Shokalsky Island  is an island in the Kara Sea, in Russia. It is located on the eastern side of the mouth of the Ob River, off the tip of the narrow northwestern arm of the Gydan Peninsula. It is separated from it by a narrow strait full of islets known as Gydanskiy Proliv.</p><br>
<p>Its latitude is 72° 58&#39; N and its longitude 74° 27&#39; E.</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of 428 km² and it is covered by tundra. The sea surrounding the island is covered with pack ice in the winter and there are numerous ice floes even in the summer, so that it is often merged with the Gydanskiy Peninsula in the Siberian mainland.</p><br>
<p>This island belongs to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug which is the northern part of the Tyumen Oblast administrative division of the Russian Federation. This island is also part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.</p><br>
<p>This island was named after Imperial Russian cartographer Yuly Shokalsky.</p><br>
<p>Shokalsky Island should not be confused with a little islet also called "Ostrov Shokal&#39;skogo" which is located off the western coast of Vaygach Island in the Barents Sea.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson–Shaffer House is a historic residence in the city of Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the middle of the nineteenth century, it was home to a succession of owners in its early years, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>After years of farming in Butler County, Daniel Rumple moved into the county seat of Hamilton during the middle of the 19th century and bought a 50% share in a community hardware store. Needing a residence, he commissioned the construction of the present house, which was completed in 1859 by a team under the leadership of carpenter/bricklayer P.H. Gilbert. Following Rumples death five years later, the property was purchased by William and Rachel Anderson, another prosperous business owner. Anderson had entered Hamiltons commercial circles with a leatherworking business, although he switched into the field of milling in 1853. The "Shaffer" component of the houses name is derived from George K. Shaffer, who married one of William Andersons daughters and became a partner in his milling company in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick and covered with a slate roof, the Anderson–Shaffer House is surrounded by a decorative iron fence. A small iron porch shelters the main entrance, which is placed in the middle of the three-bay facade; windows are placed in the side bays of the first story and all three bays of the second. The side, narrower than the front, is divided into two bays with windows in each; it rises to a gable with a third-story window. Decorative corbelling lies under the edge of the roof, forming a cornice, while the roofline is punctuated by two chimneys. Besides the main entrance, one may leave the house through the middle of the three windows on the second story of the facade: it opens onto the roof of the porch, which is fenced with iron to prevent falls. Inside, the house is built with a floor plan based on a modified form of the letter "T". Among the interior features is a builder&#39;s mark on the banister along the stairway, placed by P.H. Gilbert.</p><br>
<p>In early 1974, the Anderson–Shaffer House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historic architecture and because of its place as the home of a leading local citizen, William Anderson. It is one of more than eighty National Register-listed properties countywide.</p><br>
<p>The Benninghofen House is a historic residence in Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1860s, this house has been named a historic site for its high-quality architecture. Once the home of prominent Hamilton residents, it has been converted into a museum.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1862,</p><br>
<p>Built of brick with iron elements, the Benninghofen House is a high-quality Italianate structure. Among the clearest examples of the style are the windows and front porch: the windows (some paired and some single) feature rounded arches, while the porch features small columns with decorative elements both at top and bottom. Some of the windows (more on the side than on the front) are rectangular instead of rounded; some of these feature complicated lintel constructions instead of simple frames. Besides the "normal" porch surrounding the main entrance, the house includes a subsidiary second-story porch placed above the entrance to the main porch. The hip roof covering the house is supported on all sides by bracketing, which combines to form a decorative cornice. A metal fence with stone base separates the property from the sidewalk and street.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residence, the Benninghofen House is maintained as a historic house museum by the Butler County Historical Society. Some of the interior is maintained at its nineteenth-century appearance, although with minor changes such as the relocation of a painting from a hallway to the formal parlor. Other parts have been converted for unrelated museum purposes, such as the basement, which holds a display depicting dentists tools from the nineteenth century. Yet other parts hold artifacts such as the Civil War battle flag of the 35th Ohio Infantry, which belonged to Hamilton resident Ferdinand Van Derveer. The house has also attracted ghost hunters; a group visiting in early 2013 reported contacting John Benninghofens wife and various other residents of early Hamilton, and locals frequently contact museum staff asking if it is haunted.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Benninghofen House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historic architecture and because of its connection to John Benninghofer. It is one of sixteen Hamilton locations on the Register, and one of more than eighty countywide.</p><br>
<p>The Butler County Courthouse is located in Hamilton, Ohio and was constructed from 1885-1889 by architect David W. Gibbs. The courthouse is a registered historic building listed in the National Register on June 22, 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Butler County was established in 1803 from a section of Hamilton County. The county seat selected was Hamilton and the first courthouse was built 1806 and the second in 1817 on the site of the present structure. When the county realized that the courthouse was too small for the population, a new plan by D.W. Gibbs and was designed in the Second Empire style with features from the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>County officials laid the building&#39;s cornerstone on October 29, 1885. As county funds were insufficient for construction, contracts could not be let until enabling legislation for bond issuance had been passed by the Ohio General Assembly; the necessary legislation was sponsored by George F. Elliott, the senator from Butler County. When originally built, the courthouse centered on a four-part clock tower, which was replaced by a smaller tower with a dome after the original tower collapsed in a 1912 fire. The 1912 tower remains in place, minus the dome, which fell prey to lightning in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The main entrance is reached by stairs which enter into a covered porch. Above the porch is a high design arch supported by Ionic columns. This arch in turn holds a pediment capped with an urn. The mansard-roof gives way to a central tower. The original tower was once four-tiered, domed, and capped with a statue of Justice. This was destroyed in a fire in 1912 when the tower collapsed. It was replaced shortly thereafter with a massive tower and dome designed by local architect Frederick Mueller, but the dome was removed in 1926 after it was struck by lightning. The octagonal tower remains and contains a four-faced clock and is topped with eight spires around the top.</p><br>
<p>When Butler County constructed the Government Services Center in 1999, architecture firm Lorenze and Williams replicated the green octagonal roof on top of the 11-story tower.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior was restored to its original appearance and is a perfect balance of symmetry and design elements. The lobby serves as a reception area as well as a museum housing the old clerk of court&#39;s desk and an antique cabinet with the hand of the original statue of Justice. The lobby is illuminated by a skylight and contains a beautiful walnut double staircase. A balcony runs along the open hallway of the third floor with arched portals to the offices around the exterior of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Henry P. Deuscher House is a historic farmhouse in the countryside of the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located near the city of Trenton, it was originally home to one of the area&#39;s leading farmers, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Henry P. Deuscher</h2><br>
<p>Born in the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1830, Henry P. Deuscher emigrated to the United States in early childhood. Upon entering into mans estate, he worked as a butcher in Trenton, but at the age of twenty-seven he bought a farm of 481 acre in Madison Township and soon moved to it. Deuschers itineracy continued: he soon left the farming life and became a storekeeper in Trenton with a Mr. Wannenwetsch, left the store and returned to his farm, and left the farm to run a distillery. In 1874, he formed H.P. Deuscher & Company to operate a malting business, but the company later changed from brewing to manufacturing farm equipment, and later school desks and other cast iron machinery and parts. Amid all of these other employments, Deuscher found time to form and command a company of the 83rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of brick with sandstone elements on a stone foundation, the two-story Deuscher House features a central projecting bay containing the entrance and its fanlight; a small gable with oculus sits at the top of the projection. On the left side of the facade, as seen from the road, is a large bay window on the first floor with a single window on the second, while two windows are placed on each floor on the facades right side. A hip roof covers the house, descending to form a cornice supported by paired brackets. A small widows walk sits atop the roof, which is ringed by a railing and pierced by four chimneys, and three hood molded windows are placed in the bay. The farmstead includes three other buildings: a barn and shed dating from the farm&#39;s early years, and a much newer garage. These elements combine to make the 1870 residence a fine example of the Italianate style of architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1984, the Deuscher House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because it was the home of a prominent local resident and because of its historically significant architecture. Numerous other farmhouses in the vicinity of Trenton are listed on the National Register, but the Deuscher House differs greatly from the residue: all others were built by a group of German Amish Mennonites connected with the family of Christian Augspurger, and their plain designs differ greatly from Deuscher&#39;s high-style architecture.</p><br>
<p>Zachariah Price Dewitt Cabin is a registered historic building near Oxford, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 1973-04-13.</p><br>
<p>This log cabin was built in 1805 by Zachariah Price Dewitt and Elizabeth Dewitt and is the oldest extant structure in the Oxford Township of Butler County, Ohio. It is the only remaining home of the several built by pioneers along the Four-Mile Creek, just east of what is now the Miami University campus. The cabin and surrounding land is now owned by Miami University and is maintained by the Oxford Museum Association as a historic house museum. The cabin is on the north side of Ohio State Route 73 where it crosses Four-Mile Creek.</p><br>
<p>Zachariah DeWitt was born on April 24, 1768, in New Jersey, and by the 1780s, he had resettled in Kentucky along with two brothers. He married Elizabeth Teets (b. 1774) on March 11, 1790. When Ohio became a state in 1803, residents of Kentucky were drawn to its cheap and newly available land. By 1805 Zachariah and Elizabeth DeWitt had resettled near Four Mile Creek where he built his cabin and opened a sawmill. The cabin is on the east bank of the creek just north of Route 73. Both Zacariah and Elizabeth Dewittt are buried in the Darrtown, Ohio Pioneer Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is located on property belonging to Miami University, and the structure has been leased to the Oxford Museum Association. The association undertook the restoration of the house in 1973. Work included exposing and fixing the original adz-marked timber walls, rebuilding the limestone chimney, and replacing floors. The smokehouse was restored in 1999-2000. The association finished its work in 2003. Later work included interior work. The site was dedicated in May 2003.</p><br>
<p>Edgeton is a historic residence in the city of Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1860s, its earliest residents were prominent businessmen in Hamilton, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Shaffer, the first resident, was a prominent Hamilton banker whose offices were located across the street from the courthouse downtown, and he also was interested in a flour mill and the city&#39;s street railway. He was personally involved in the construction of the house, which was completed in 1865; it remained in his possession for eighteen years, culminating in 1883 upon the sale of the property to Harrison Leib. Formerly a resident of Cincinnati, Leib was a broker for a sugar cane firm and operated the Edgeton Farm Dairy, the name of which he gave his house. Built of brick with elements of stone, the house features a central porch with shuttered windows surrounding the main entrance, as well as corbelling supporting the cornice at the edge of the roof. Two stories tall, the house is covered with a hip roof. It is surrounded by wide grounds landscaped to resemble a park.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Edgeton was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of sixteen Hamilton locations on the Register, and one of more than eighty countywide. Part of its significance derives from its placement in its neighborhood: one of western Hamiltons most prominent houses, it anchors the neighborhoods built environment both because of its architecture and because of its wide grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Do-Ashkaft Cave, being a Middle Paleolithic cave site, is located north of Kermanshah, near Taq-e Bostan, Iran about 1,600 m above sea level. Its entrance faces south of Meywala Mount, overlooking the national park of Kuhestan. The site was first visited in 1996 by Iranian researchers F. Biglari and S. Heydari-Guran and during the following four years a series of surface surveys were made at one-month intervals, which resulted in a rich collection of Middle Paleolithic lithic artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The main chamber of the cave is 23 m deep and 15 m wide. Large areas of Breccia sediments indicate lateral percolation of water into the cave sediments as a substantial amount of the cave sediments may have been washed away. The sediments at the entrance yielded numerous animal bones, charcoal and flint tools, Middle Paleolithic artifacts, such as side-scrapers and a Mousterian point. Animal bones show signs of human involvement in their accumulation during the Mousterian occupation. They include a fragment of a right mandible of an adult specimen and an upper third right molar of a sub-adult ruminant, both allocated to wild Caprinae.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 an area of about 7 km&sup2; including 14 caves and rock-shelters was surveyed, where Upper Palaeolithic and later lithic assemblages came to light. Records and samples made by S. Heydari provide a paleo-environmental sequence for the region from the late Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene. The Neanderthal occupants of the cave made tools from local raw material outcrops around the cave, which classify as to be Mousterian.</p><br>
<p>The Calderone glacier  is located in the Gran Sasso d’Italia mountain group in the Italian province of Teramo. It lies just beneath the Corno Grande, the highest peak in the Apennines.</p><br>
<p>With the disappearance of the Corral de la Veleta glacier (37° N) in 1913, which lay in Spains Sierra Nevada, "Il Calderone" became Europes southernmost known glacier (42°28′N, 13°33′E). If present deglaciation trends continue, the Calderone may soon share Corral de la Veletas fate. The discovery of a number of small glaciers in the Prokletije in 2009 seemed to threaten Calderones record; however, the Italian glacier is slightly further south.</p><br>
<h2>Historical surface of the glacier</h2><br>
<p>In 1794, the Calderone had an estimated volume of over 4 million cubic metres; by 1916, the glacier’s volume had decreased to 3.3 million cubic metres, and by 1990, it had decreased to 360,931 cubic metres. In 1998 Italian glaciologists at a symposium in L&#39;Aquila predicted that the Calderone would vanish within a few decades.</p><br>
<p>Some glaciologists have predicted that the glacier will disappear by 2020. However, 2014 has been slightly positive for the glacier. By the end of August 2014, the volume of residual ice was larger than during the same period in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Fitz Randolph–Rogers House is a historic farmhouse located outside the city of Hamilton in Butler County, Ohio, United States. Constructed during the 1840s, it was home to a well-known diarist of the 1860s, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Township farmer Benjamin Fitz Randolph arranged for the houses construction in 1840, although the project was not finished until 1844. Here he farmed and ran a tannery until 1860, when a widow, Lydia Rogers, bought the property; her family inhabited it until selling it in 1931. While living with her mother in the 1860s, Rogers daughter Sarah Elizabeth Rogers kept a careful diary that made her a significance source for period social history after it was published in the journal of the Ohio Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Fitz Randolph arranged for a composite structure; the house is primarily a brick building, although elements of stone are also present. Like many other period buildings, the house is built in the Greek Revival style of architecture, but unlike most such houses, it is built into a hillside. The one-story facade is divided into five bays, with the central bay being occupied by an elaborate entrance: four columns, two on each side, form a post and lintel structure around the doorway, and a transom light is placed above the door. Stairs provide access to a stoop by the raised main entrance, and a frieze is placed immediately below the edge of the roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Fitz Randolph–Rogers House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its important place in local history.</p><br>
<p>Fortified Hill Works is a registered historic site near Hamilton, Ohio, listed in the National Register on July 12, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Survey history</h2><br>
<p>The site was surveyed in 1847 by Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis. The works would be documented in their 1848 book, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They noted that the ditch around the earthworks was on the outside, instead of inside of the wall. As of 1847, they described the ditch as being "equal" at the steepest points of the hill, and "almost obliterated" in other areas. The wall is noted as being eight to ten feet high, and following the shape of the hill it was built on. There are three entrances into the earthwork.</p><br>
<p>The top part of the earthwork is described as enclosing a small circle, one hundred feet in diameter, with two small mounds inside of it. A third mound, which has been "truncated" was just north of the small circle. Both the small mounds had altars found in them after excavation. Ash and sherd were found in the altars. The two men believed it was a fort for defense, with the altars providing spiritual assistance. This group is called the Newark Group.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Fortification</p><br>
<p>The Great Mound is a massive Native American mound in the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located in Section 19 of Madison Township in Butler County, it has a height of 88 ft and a circumference of 511 ft. Its total volume is nearly 825,000 cuft, Because of the mound&#39;s height and its placement on a ridgeline, an individual at the summit can see for a great distance. In the late nineteenth century, it was theorized that mounds such as the Great Mound were built as observation or watch points, and that the builders maintained the ability to light fires atop the mounds as a method of communicating across wide distances. The potential of these mounds for long-distance communication was demonstrated in 1990 by three groups of volunteers. After climbing the Great Mound, the first group established visual contact with the Hill-Kinder Mound in Franklin , from which point the observers of the second group contacted the third group atop the Miamisburg Mound near Dayton.</p><br>
<p>Built by the Adena culture, the Great Mound has been reduced by multiple instances of unofficial diggings. In 1879, locals removed a small portion of the mound&#39;s summit, finding artifacts such as bones and the remnants of fires. Later years saw the destruction of a more significant part of the top; today, only about 75% of the mound is free from disturbances. Nevertheless, the mound is believed to be a significant archaeological site; its size is believed to indicate the stability of the culture that built it and the dedication of its members to commemorating those buried within it. In recognition of its archaeological value, the Great Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The James P. Hidley Cottage is a small Carpenter Gothic house in western Butler County, Ohio, United States. Erected in 1860, the house is important as one of the area&#39;s few houses of its style, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The cottage sits on land first owned by Butler County pioneer Samuel Dick, who acquired the title in 1801; he bequeathed it to his son David, who constructed a combined gristmill and sawmill on the property in 1810. A complex series of property transfers resulted in Hidleys acquiring title both to the mill and to the land on which the house was built, but years apart. He arranged for the houses construction in 1860, eight years before buying full title to the mill, which was ultimately demolished in 1940.</p><br>
<p>Built with weatherboarded walls on a stone foundation, the house features many elements of the Carpenter Gothic style. The walls are board and batten, unlike typical weatherboarding, while the gabled roof and the porch feature finely decorated bargeboards and other wooden details. Both doors and windows are placed both on the front and on the sides, with a single window appearing in the top half story. A single chimney sits at the center of the roofline.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Hidley Cottage was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, a distinction now held by more than eighty locations countywide. It qualified for designation based on its historically significant architecture, as very few authentic Carpenter Gothic houses built in Butler County have survived to the present day.</p><br>
<p>The High Street Commercial Block is a miniature historic district in downtown Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Three buildings compose the block: the old Second National Bank Building, the Howell-Sohngen Building, and McCrory&#39;s. All are three-story masonry buildings in some form of the Italianate style, and while all feature arched windows on their upper stories, the styles of arches and the varied employment of rectangular windows, together with their varied cornices, causes the styling to be diverse. Both the left and central buildings have facades divided into three bays on their second and third stories; the left building has one window in each, while the central possesses one window in the second story bays and two smaller ones in the third. The right building, on the other hand, is a wider structure with a five-bay facade. The complex sits across the street from the later Second National Bank Building, an Art Deco structure from the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The rightmost building in the block is the former location of McCrorys Variety Store; it occupied the building circa 1930, while previous occupants names are unknown. One of Hamilton&#39;s few Neo-Renaissance buildings, it is built of brick with a stone foundation and basement, and covered with a flat roof. Stone covers much of the exterior, which is divided into five bays by its prominent arched windows. Nothing substantial remains of the original first-story exterior, which has been profoundly modified since construction in 1875. Higher stories retain a greater degree of integrity, due to components such as a metal entablature, a cornice supported by brackets. In 1983, the building was evaluated by the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation program of the Ohio Historical Society; although it was deemed to be in good condition with no substantial dangers, it was deemed ineligible for any type of federal historic site designation. Nevertheless, it was included in the High Street Commercial Block when the block was named a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004; the district qualified both because of its architecture and because of its place in local history. The district was expanded in 2014 to include 216-226 High Street.</p><br>
<p>The Howe Tavern is a historic former hotel in the Butler County portion of College Corner, Ohio, United States. Constructed before the village was founded, it remained a hotel into the late 20th century, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, Gideon Howe bought the site of College Corner from Miami University in nearby Oxford; the site was significant for its spot on the road (now USA Route 27) connecting Hamilton, Ohio with Richmond, Indiana. Here he arranged for the erection of a tavern, which opened in the following year. Other settlers began coming before long, and in 1837 Howe platted a town around the tavern, naming it "College Corner". The areas earliest buildings were built in 1811, and a post office was established in the Preble County portion of the community in 1830, but the Howe Tavern was the communitys earliest example of permanent construction. It remained in its original use into the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick, the tavern rests on a foundation of stone and is covered with a gabled roof. The facade is divided into three bays: on the second floor, the right and middle bays are pierced by two windows, while the left bay is only wide enough for one window. From right to left, the five windows sit above a door, a window, a window, a door, and a porch-like window. The original building is two-and-a-half stories tall, built as a rectangle, although a later two-story addition on the northwestern corner causes the whole building to resemble the shape of the letter "L".</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture, because of its place as the core of the original community and because it remained a fine example of inns from the early nineteenth century, respectively. No other locations in College Corner, nor any in West College Corner in Indiana just a few feet west, are listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Hunting Lodge Farm is a historic house located near Oxford in Oxford Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. Constructed as a hunting lodge, it has been used by multiple prominent local residents, and its distinctive architecture has made it worthy of designation as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick and set upon a stone foundation, Hunting Lodge Farm is covered with a gabled asphalt roof. The building has been deemed an example of the Gothic Revival style of architecture, due largely to a few triangular windows that derive from traditional construction styles employed in the construction of hunting lodges in Bavaria. Overall, its architecture is more typical of the Greek Revival style, due to elements such as a symmetrical front facade, Tuscan columns on the front porch, and a trabeated side porch. The second story features components such as dormer windows, transoms, and an ornate cornice with dentils.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1833, the house was used as a hunting lodge for only a few years; it has been a residence since 1840. Although located atop a hill above Four Mile Creek, the house occupies a comparatively obscure location; its driveway is crooked, and it is surrounded by woodland. Both the inside and the outside of the house remain well maintained with comparatively few changes from 1840. The earliest owners, Henry Orne and Isaac Gere, are responsible for the house&#39;s overall plan and its unique elements, even though it was home from 1872 until 1895 to Lazarus Noble Bonham, a prominent journalist, educator, and Ohio Secretary of Agriculture.</p><br>
<p>In late 1982, the Hunting Lodge Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historic architecture and because of its connection to numerous important individuals. It is one of four National Register-listed locations in Oxford Township, along with the Austin-Magie Farm and Mill District, the Zachariah Price Dewitt Cabin, and the Pugh&#39;s Mill Covered Bridge.</p><br>
<p>John Kennel Jr. Farm is a registered historic building near Trenton, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 1984-08-03.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>Original portion of farmhouse was built in 1876. An additional kitchen with second level bedroom added in the 1930s. All of red brick construction with stone foundation. Basement floor is brick, a portion of the basement was used to slaughter and cure meat. What is now the garage was originally a summer kitchen.</p><br>
<p>At one time grapes and pears were grown in the back yard. A pecan tree, reputed to be the only one in the state of Ohio that bears nuts once existed.</p><br>
<p>The property is quite close to native American burial grounds and approximately 2.5 miles to the north is a signal mound, believed to be built by the Adena. Many artifacts (arrowheads and hammering devices) have been found on the John Kennel Jr. property over the decades.</p><br>
<p>The Elias Kumler House is a historic residence in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1850s, it was originally the home of Elias Kumler, who held large influence at multiple educational institutions in Oxford. The house has been continuously used for residential purposes, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1830 and named Jeremiah Prophet Elias Kumler in full, the houses first owner spent parts of his early life farming and working as a merchant, but he later became the first banker in Oxford. By the 1850s, Kumler had become wealthy enough to engage in philanthropy, donating money in 1856 toward the construction of the Junction Railway between Hamilton, Ohio and Connersville, Indiana. He also served Oxfords two women&#39;s colleges and a Cincinnati seminary, sitting on the board of trustees for the Western College for Women from 1871 to 1898, acting as a trustee for the Oxford Female Institute, giving funds to found the endowment for the Lane Theological Seminary, providing money to rescue Western when it was nearly bankrupt, and financing the Female Institute.</p><br>
<p>The present house was constructed in 1856, and Kumler owned it until selling it to Cincinnati shipping magnate Ebenezer Lane in 1868. Lane owned it for twenty years until selling it to local businessman Frank Cone. The house was Cones home into the 1920s, but it later became privately owned rental housing for Miami University students. No longer home to its owners, the house deteriorated to the point that Oxfords city government condemned it as a danger to public safety. However, it was purchased and sold by a man more interested in repair than destruction; he restored the house to structural integrity and sold it in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of brick with elements of wood and sandstone, and resting on a foundation of ashlar, the house is one-and-a-half stories tall with a steep gabled roof. Some of the gable peaks and roof corners are ornamented by finials, while the eaves are highlighted by large bargeboards. Stone lintels surround many of the windows, and the house is entered primarily through an off-center trabeated door recessed into the facade. These elements combine to form a high-quality example of the Gothic Revival style of architecture; although less significant than some Gothic Revival houses elsewhere in the state, it is Oxford&#39;s leading house of the style.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>The Kumler House appeared in a book of old Oxford houses, published in 1975, and in early 1977 it was recorded by the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation program of the Ohio Historical Society. The survey deemed its condition to be excellent, both inside and out, and it was considered eligible for addition to the National Register of Historic Places. In January 1980, the house was added to the National Register because of its architecture, for it was more elaborate than all other Gothic Revival buildings in Oxford. It is one of eleven National Register-listed locations citywide.</p><br>
<p>The Lane–Hooven House is a historic house museum in Hamilton, Ohio. Built in 1863 for Clark Lane, a Hamilton industrialist and philanthropist, the octagonal house features a brick exterior with Gothic Tudor elements. Other features include an open spiral staircase extending from the basement to the third floor turret, cast-iron fence, a greenhouse and a fountain. It was listed in the National Register on October 25, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>General Information</h2><br>
<p>The Lane–Hooven house, built in 1863 by James Elrick a Hamilton, Ohio builder, is one of only 400 octagonal structures in the United States. In 1866, Owner Clark Lane had a library built across the street from his home in the same octagonal design. The Lane–Hooven house and its sister building, the Lane Public Library, are located in the German Village Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Lane-Hooven House was purchased in 1875 by John L. Martin, then president of the Second National Bank of Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the house was sold to Colonel Alexander Gordon, who was born in England in 1840. Colonel Gordon was secretary and later president of Niles Tool Works of Hamilton. The house was then occupied, and later inherited by Mr. Gordon’s niece, Mrs. C. Earle Hooven and her husband from 1895 until 1942.</p><br>
<p>Bertrand Kahn bought the home in 1942 and gifted it to the City as a memorial to his father, Lazard Kahn, founder for one of the town&#39;s largest companies, for community use. Mr. Kahn stipulated that for the duration of World War II, the Red Cross was to have use of the building; The Red Cross continued as its tenant until June 1, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Community Foundation has owned the house since 1951 and maintains its offices there. The Foundation provides free tours of the home during the week.</p><br>
<p>Langstroth Cottage is a historic building on the Western College campus of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 22, 1976. The cottage, built in 1856, is now the home for the Oxford office of the. It was purchased for Beekeeper L. L. Langstroth in 1859, and he lived there for the next 28 years, conducting research and breeding honey bees.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and planning</h2><br>
<p>Langstroth Cottage was built in the mid-1850s by Reverend Edward Root. It was purchased for Lorenzo Langstroth by a brother-in-law in 1859, where he then raised his family and continued his love for bees.The cottage is currently the oldest building of the Western College. After Langstroth left the house, the cottage was purchased by Susan Peabody, Helen’s niece, who donated it to the Western College. Located on Western Campus, the cottage is adjacent to Patterson Avenue and State Route 27, the cottage is a prime marker to Miami University.</p><br>
<p>The architecture within presents Greek Revival influence dating back to 1856. The cottage has undergone newer changes in order to keep updated and established. New oak floors and modern plumbing and heating have been installed. The wooden floors of the basement have been replaced by concrete, and the fireplace is closed; fortunately, the outer walls of the house have gone unaffected. This unique architectural feature is both aesthetic and economical and is rare sight in the town of Oxford. Over the door is a semi-elliptical fanlight. Rooms inside the cottage are fairly plain, but still exude a comfortable atmosphere. Originally, there were four fireplaces in the house but all remain closed today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cottage has been used for many functions, ranging from an academic building to a faculty residence."Langstroth Cottage considered for Landmark designation." The Miamian 4 Sept.</p><br>
<p>1980, Volume 10 ed.: 1. Print.</p><br>
<p>Langstroth Cottage was used for many programs of Miami University, including the Miami University International Office and the Miami University Luxembourg Program Office."" Western College Memorial Archives. Miami University</p><br>
<p>Libraries, 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Currently, the cottage is used for office space for Professors and Receptionists of campus programs.</p><br>
<h2>Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth</h2><br>
<p>Lorenzo Langstroth grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was the second oldest of eight children. He also attended Yale College where he found religion, and eventually entered the Yale Divinity School to study for the ministry, where he eventually became Oxford&#39;s Presbyterian Minister.</p><br>
<p>Sonnet – To Langstroth</p><br>
<p>(Inventor of the Moveable Frame which permitted Beekeepers to rob the hive without sulphuring the bees to death)</p><br>
<p>Since hives in Greece were set on slopes of thyme</p><br>
<p>To win sweet gold for Heroes&#39; cups of mead</p><br>
<p>The gods themselves have shown no kinder deed</p><br>
<p>To Insect or to Man than that of thine!</p><br>
<p>Certain it is no honeyed words of mine</p><br>
<p>Can do thee justice, Langstroth, so I plead</p><br>
<p>For Jove&#39;s Hymettus Bees of sacred breed</p><br>
<p>To weave in Attic chorus round thy shrine.</p><br>
<p>Next, Saturn&#39;s son, dispatch their golden kin</p><br>
<p>Whom Virgil lauded in Georgic lay!</p><br>
<p>Wontan and Thor send Germans black as sin!</p><br>
<p>Sweet Aphrodite Bees from Paphos Bay!</p><br>
<p>And Ra from perfumed bean-fields by Nile&#39;s brim</p><br>
<p>Those scarab Bees that nest in pipes of clay</p><br>
<p>—From Poems of a Bee-Keeper, Everard Stokes.</p><br>
<h3>Beekeeping</h3><br>
<p>Lorenzo Langstroth, known as the "Father of Beekeeping," had a unique way of capturing the essence of his bees through writing letters; these letters revealed his devoted connection to bees. Through his interpretations of bees, he studied the behavior and the equipment used to house them. With Langstroth&#39;s love of bees inevitably came his invention of the moveable bee-frame. The moveable beehives solved the problem by providing a space between the frames and the hive walls, bottom, and top cover. The moveable-frame beehive was patented in 1852, No 9300. This invention of the beehive marks the new era of the beehive. Three advantages Langstroth states of the moveable frame are: 1. "The scientific beekeeper could examine every comb quickly and easily. The Langstroth hive would be cheap, and the combs could be removed with safety to the bees." 2. "The practical beekeeper, who wished an income from his bees, could propagate queens, make artificial swarms, supply destitute hives with honey or brood, and produce honey ready for the market in boxes or in glass tumblers, and he could protect his hives against the bee moth. In short, he could do almost anything he wanted to do with his bees." 3. "The farmer could easily procure honey for his own use".</p><br>
<h3>Italian beekeeping</h3><br>
<p>In 1859, Langstroth arranged to start importing Italian Bees from Jan Dzeirzon of Silesia. Langstroth and his son became successful at breeding Italian queen Bees, ultimately selling them at twenty dollars. The term twenty-dollar queens soon became known in America. Using the Italian queens to his advantage, Langstroth bred the foreign bees with the local bees, causing changes in bee color, characteristic, and honey production. All of Langstroth&#39;s bees became more obedient and hard-working, producing more honey.</p><br>
<h3>Beekeeping today</h3><br>
<p>Since Langstroths invention of the moveable beehive, the Oxford Community celebrates beekeeping through programs and events. One of the most famous local Ohio gatherings took place in 1969 for the summer meeting of the Ohio State Beekeepers’ Association Inc. The two-day program featured outstanding lectures, apiary demonstrations, and films for those interested in beekeeping. In addition to these activities, participant contests, a benefit auction for the Ohio Honey Bee Queen Program, Karl Maslowski nature films and tours of the Miami University campus were held. In the Spring of 2017, a group of students founded the Miami Apiculture Society. Its the first student organization on campus to continue Langstroth&#39;s tradition of beekeeping in Oxford.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designation</h2><br>
<p>The Cottage was the second Miami University building to be designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Maltby House was a historic house near the campus of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1850s, it was once home to a prominent minister in the community. Important partly for its architecture, it was eventually relegated to student housing before being demolished. Before its destruction, it was named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Born in 1806 in Paris, New York, Henry Maltby moved to Oxford in 1848, after serving churches in Louisville and Cincinnati. He became the minister of Oxford&#39;s First Presbyterian Church and then of the Third Presbyterian Church, at which he remained until 1856. During his time in Oxford, he helped to found the Oxford Female Institute, and he was one of the most prominent figures in what was then a largely Presbyterian community. Maltby built his house in 1852, and for many years after he left, it remained a single-family residence, although late in its history it was turned into apartments for Miami University students. It has since been destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Built with wooden weatherboarded walls, the Maltby House had a frame structure, a stone foundation, and a shingled hip roof. Two stories tall, the house was divided into two bays on the front and three on the side. Extending across the whole width of the front was a porch with various Greek Revival details, including a large entablature under the cornice and fluted columns in the Doric order. The house was expanded at an unknown time by the addition of a small rear wing as well as a small bracketed roof over the side entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Maltby House was recorded by the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation program of the Ohio Historical Society. At that time, it was deemed eligible for addition to the National Register of Historic Places, and the surrounding neighborhood was considered a likely candidate for National Register historic district designation. Three years later, the house was added to the Register, qualifying because of its architecture, its place in local history, and its connection to Maltby. It remains on the Register, despite its destruction.</p><br>
<p>The Mann Mound is a Native American mound in the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located near the unincorporated community of Jacksonburg in Butler County, in Section 12 of Wayne Township. Its height is approximately 20 ft, and its circumference is approximately 540 ft.</p><br>
<p>In November 1868, the mound was quarried for gravel by local residents; this excavation continued until the miners had reached the center of the mound, where they found multiple limestone burial vaults. These vaults were built as squares, 3 ft on each side; each contained a skeleton that had presumably been placed in a seated position. The vaults were stacked from the mound&#39;s floor to a position just underneath its summit; each was separated from others by a small amount of gravel. Eight skeletons were removed from these vaults and sent to the Smithsonian Institution. Findings from the mound have led to the conclusion that it is a work of the Adena culture.</p><br>
<p>Despite the damage done by the amateur excavation, the Mann Mound is still a significant archaeological site and the second largest extant mound in Butler County. It was recorded by an archaeological survey published by J.P. MacLean in 1879, and in 1971, it was recognized for its archaeological significance when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Oxford Female Institute is a registered historic building in Oxford, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The Oxford Female Institute was affiliated with the Presbyterian Church, and its first president was John Witherspoon Scott. His second daughter Caroline Scott, an Oxford Institute graduate, married Benjamin Harrison and became First Lady after his election as President of the United States in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The college was later known as Oxford College and Oxford College for Women. Miami University took over ownership of the school in 1928 and absorbed its students.</p><br>
<p>Miami used the building, commonly known as "Ox College", as a women&#39;s residence hall for more than sixty years. The building has been adapted for use as an arts center for the community of Oxford.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>University Residence Hall</p><br>
<p>Women&#39;s College</p><br>
<p>The Rentschler House is a historic residence in the city of Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Constructed at the turn of the 20th century, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Born in the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1846, Georg Adam Rentschler settled in Hamilton at the age of 27. He soon became the manager of a foundry in the city, and by age 30 was one of the partners in the cast iron manufacturing firm of Sohn and Rentschler. Rentschlers career in Hamilton spanned fifty years; he gained more commercial importance than any other immigrant in Hamiltons history, and he contributed to the citys growth from riverside village to small urban center. Succeeding generations of his family followed in his manufacturing footsteps and further embellished the lustre of the name of Rentschler, and it was ultimately home to Rentschlers children and members of succeeding generations.</p><br>
<p>Rentschlers house was built in 1901, featuring a slate roof above walls of sandstone and brick, along with miscellaneous sandstone and wood elements. Three stories tall, the house is irregular in plan. A large symmetrical porch crowned with a pediment surrounds the houses main entrance, but few other elements of the facade balance each other; even the dormer windows face in all directions, whether placed in the house&#39;s rounded, pyramidal, or gable roofs. An iron fence surrounds the house, which displays some Neoclassical influences in much of its design.</p><br>
<p>In April 1983, the Rentschler House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its connection to Rentschler himself. Two months later, the Dayton-Campbell Historic District was declared primarily along Dayton Street, including the lot at 643 Dayton on which the Rentschler House is located.</p><br>
<p>The Roberts Mound is a Native American mound in the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located northwest of Auburn in Butler County, the mound sits in Section 36 of Reily Township; it is the only mound in the far southeastern part of the township.</p><br>
<p>Built in the shape of a cone, the Roberts Mound is believed to have been built during the Woodland period. Many similar mounds and other types of earthworks are located in the vicinity of the Roberts Mound, but unlike most of them, it has never been excavated. While the lack of artifacts prevents the culture of the builders from being known with certainty, the lack of disturbance has caused it to be ranked among the most well-preserved mounds in the region.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of its archaeological value, the Roberts Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Five other archaeological sites in Butler County were placed on the National Register in the same year.</p><br>
<p>Rossville Historic District is a registered historic district in Hamilton, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 1975-10-06. It contains 123 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is located on the west side of the Great Miami River across from downtown Hamilton. Large mansions line South D Street and other stately homes line Ross Avenue. The area takes its name from the old town of Rossville, which merged with Hamilton in 1854.</p><br>
<p>The Rossville Historic Preservation Organization, founded in 1974, coordinates preservation activities in the neighborhood. One of their most popular events is the bi-annual Rossville Home and Garden Tour where visitors can stroll through many of the homes and lush gardens in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>Specialty Store</p><br>
<p>Rail-Related</p><br>
<p>The John Scott Farm is a historic farmstead near the community of Shandon, Ohio, United States. Established in the nineteenth century and still in operation in the twenty-first, the farmstead has been named a historic site because of its traditionally built agricultural structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farm was established in the early nineteenth century; while its precise date of establishment appears to be uncertain, it had definitely been formed by 1829, when future journalist Murat Halstead was born there. It has continued in Halstead&#39;s family since that time, taking the name of his brother-in-law John Scott, and passing through various relatives descended from Scott. During the late nineteenth century, the farm was used for stock-raising purposes, and accordingly the barn was constructed in 1884 with a trio of concrete silos. Although the operation had been abandoned by 1895, the farm was purchased in 1900 by relatives of the Scotts, and they reopened it as a dairy farm to raise Jerseys. All three historic structures on the farmstead were built between the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth: the granary in 1875, the barn in 1884, and the milkhouse in 1915. The milkhouse was in use for a comparatively short time, being closed in the 1950s by a health board order, and an electrically powered milking facility was added to the barn at the same time.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Three buildings compose the historic section of the farmstead: a barn, a granary, and a milkhouse. These form a tight complex centered on the barn; the milkhouse is placed to the north, the granary to the east, and a family cemetery to the south. The complex sits above the valley of Paddy&#39;s Run, creating a scene that late-nineteenth-century journalists deemed more picturesque than any other farm in Butler County.</p><br>
<h3>Barn</h3><br>
<p>The barn is a vernacular two-story building, constructed with concrete walls on a concrete slab foundation and covered with a gabled metal roof. The floor plan is that of a simple form of the letter "T", divided into three bays on the front and six on the side. Inside, the barn relies on wooden frame construction, mixing small and large timbers. Some of the original frame was removed soon after construction, apparently because it interfered with the owners hay storage needs. New feeding stanchions were installed soon after the farms reopening in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<h3>Granary</h3><br>
<p>One story high, the granary is a wooden frame structure on a foundation of fieldstone and a gabled metal roof. Also built in a "T" shape, the structure includes corn cribs as well as space for steam-powered grinding machinery, which was installed to simplify the process of preparing grain for consumption by cattle in the barn. The sided exterior comprises seven bays, while the interior framing features unusual timbers: the beams display evidence of being both hewn and sawn, so it appears that the builders reused framing from a previous building.</p><br>
<h3>Milkhouse</h3><br>
<p>The milkhouse is a smaller single-story rectangular structure with a concrete slab foundation and a gabled metal roof. Only one door pierces the walls, which are built of vermiculated and glazed brown tiles rather than metal or concrete. Inside was originally placed a concrete structure for bulk storage of milk: after milk cans would be placed in the structure, spring water would be poured among them in order to keep the milk cool.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In January 2003, the farm complex was recorded by the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation program of the Ohio Historical Society. Nearly three years later, it was officially named a historic site, being added to the National Register of Historic Places in October 2005; it qualified for designation based on its architecture, which was deemed important because comparatively few changes had been made since the 19th century. The farmstead also includes an archaeological site, designated 33BU85. The entire property embraces 240 acre, or ½ square mile, although the historic site&#39;s boundaries include just 1.9 acre.</p><br>
<p>The James D. Conrey House is a historic house located on an old intercity road in southeastern Butler County, Ohio, United States. Although the identification is unclear, it may have once been a tavern on the road, which connects Cincinnati and Columbus. A well-preserved piece of the road&#39;s built environment, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Conrey House is a brick building set on a foundation of limestone. Although the roof is primarily metal, asphalt and rubber sections are also present. The single-story facade is divided into three sections: the center, framed by a pediment and columns, with both window and door space; and the right and left, each of which is pierced by two windows. These windows are framed by cut stone windowsills and lintels, and their shutters date from the house&#39;s construction. Small friezes are placed in conjunction with the windows on the sides, and both front and side are decorated with a tall entablature. Both side and front are elevated enough to permit the placement of windows high on the basement walls, while the shallow hip roof is pierced by seven different chimneys. When erected, the building had the shape of the letter "U", with the opening to the rear, although construction in 1900 saw small porches added to the northern and southern sides and an addition to close the opening in the "U".</p><br>
<p>The early history of the Conrey House is obscure. It appears to have been constructed in 1840 by one Ellis Johns, although his involvement has not been demonstrated beyond a doubt. Popular legend holds that it was once the "Spread Eagle Tavern", an inn serving travellers between Cincinnati and Lebanon; although it sits on the old road connecting the two cities, documentation for the tavern&#39;s existence is lacking. Although a farmhouse for part of its history, it was also once a restaurant, the Colonial Farm Restaurant. The distinctive roofline serves as the origin for another of its names, "Seven Chimneys".</p><br>
<p>In late 2003, the Conrey House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Despite the additions of 1900, and despite the sandblasting that has been applied to the walls, components such as the Doric columns and pilasters on the portico make it an exceptional piece of the Greek Revival style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephen Church and Rectory is a registered historic building in Hamilton, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 1982-07-29. Located in Hamilton&#39;s German Village Historic District, the church building is home to Saint Julie Billiart Catholic Parish, an active parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>German settlers founded Saint Stephen Parish in 1830, making it the oldest Catholic parish in Butler County. The original Gothic church building was begun in 1832, but the continued influx of German immigrants over the following decades required more space. The new structure was completed in 1854 under the leadership of Fr.Piman Eberhard, OFM. The church rectory was constructed in 1870. The church sanctuary was expanded and the transepts were added in 1893, giving the church its current cruciform footprint. The Tudor Gothic façade and tower were constructed by Andrew Benzing of Hamilton in 1912. That same year, the church installed Munich-style stained glass windows from Zettler Studios of Munich, Germany. In 1989, the Saint Stephen Church building became the home for Saint Julie Billiart Catholic Parish. The new parish combined the congregations of two other local churches (Saint Mary and Saint Veronica churches) with the Saint Stephen congregation.</p><br>
<p>The Symmes Mission Chapel was a historic church building in the city of Fairfield, Ohio, United States. A simple structure constructed in the 1840s, it was named a historic site in the 1980s, but it is no longer standing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the leading members of the congregation that built the Symmes Mission Chapel was Benjamin Symmes, who along with Abram Huston and John Mesler helped to found the Old School Presbyterian congregation in the late 1830s. Most of the members were drawn from Presbyterian churches in Hamilton, Springdale, and Ross, so the congregation was founded in the locality known as Symmes Corners in order to be convenient for all of the members. Shortly after the organization of the congregation, the original church building was constructed at a cost of $1,180 on land donated by Benjamin Symmes, seemingly in 1843. It was the primary home of the eighty-member congregation for some years, but by the 1850s the majority of the members lived southward in far northern Hamilton County, so a new building was constructed near Pleasant Run, and the old building was ultimately abandoned by the congregation. However, it remained in use by others in the community until 1968, either as a church or as a school, and it had come into the possession of Fairfield&#39;s historical society by 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A simple weatherboarded building, the chapel was two stories tall with a shallow gabled roof. A doorway was placed in the middle of the front, with one window above and to each side, while the sides of the building, much longer than the front, were pierced with a few windows in the middle and rear. Built without a basement, the building rested on a foundation of ashlar, while the roof was ultimately covered with asphalt shingles. Inside, a stairway in the rear (near the pulpit) permitted access to the upper floor. The sanctuary was decorated with ornamental woodwork, including bullseye designs, while much of the interior was covered with tongue and groove panelling. A small vernacular building, it lacked other significant elements, such as traditional ecclesiastical architecture and virtually all ornamentation traditionally applied to churches.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Far from qualifying for grand architecture, it qualified because of its simple design: it represented what was once a common country church design, free of ornament and built for functional purposes. By that time, it was one of very few pre-Civil War buildings remaining in Fairfield, which was quickly becoming more and more of an exurb in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. Six years later, the church was recorded by personnel from Butler Countys Citizens for Historic and Preservation Services as part of a historic preservation survey, the Ohio Historic Inventory. Noting the churchs place among contemporary commercial development, the surveyor observed deterioration in both interior and exterior, and by that time the building was seemingly close to collapse. Today, the building is gone, with an empty lot occupying its place, although the historical society still owned the empty lot as of the end of 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Select School is a historic log building in rural Butler County, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1810, the building has seen numerous uses, ranging from church to school to house. It has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Numerous log schoolhouses were built throughout early Ohio, but few have survived; the Thomas Select School is important partly because of its very existence. Built in 1810, the school was associated with a Welsh immigrant church in the small community of Shandon. In its early years, the Whitewater Congregational Church worshipped in both English and Welsh and supported two ministers; one of them, Thomas Thomas, also taught school in order to earn a living. Using their home as the schoolhouse, Thomas and his wife taught both girls and boys. As the house was a parsonage, it remained in the church&#39;s ownership until 1885, when the trustees sold it to a family named Robinson, which owned the building until selling it in 1947. Since that time, it has been used as a summer house.</p><br>
<p>Two stories tall, the school is a log cabin measuring 30 x, which makes it larger than most log schoolhouses of the period. Since its early days, the building has been given an asphalt roof and various elements of stone. Among its distinctive components is the presence of "steeple notches" in the logs: these are V-shaped cuts made in the logs to enable them to fit together. Notches in log cabins are typically of other shapes, making the steeple notch rare and dateable; most log buildings in the eastern United States with this kind of notch were built before 1800.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the Thomas Select School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and because of its place in the area&#39;s history. It is one of more than eighty National Register properties in Butler County.</p><br>
<p>The Wounded Knee Battlefield, known also as Wounded Knee, was the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890.</p><br>
<p>As "Wounded Knee", an 870 acre area was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Along with all other National Historic Landmarks, it was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places, when that program was inaugurated in 1966. It was listed as "Wounded Knee Battlefield".</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Landmark nomination was drafted by 1990, and a consultation with Indian representatives then arranged. Input was that the Indian representation should be increased, and oral history interviews were then conducted with four descendents. Interview summaries are included in the revised nomination.</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Landmark program provides some monitoring. As of January 17, 2010, its webpage noted: "The area suffers from neglect." The program&#39;s recommendation (change since last report) was that "The owners need to provide regular maintenance at the site."</p><br>
<p>The NRHP listing included one contributing site and one contributing object, and also 14 non-contributing buildings and 12 non-contributing sites. The non-contributing elements are fairly small and scattered so do not detract greatly from the setting. The contributing site is the area of the massacre itself, including the probable location of the post office and Mousseaus store. The contributing object is the 1903 monument. Non-contributing buildings include a log church built in 1975, a small frame dwelling, a concrete block visitors center from 1989, a log dwelling, a frame Church of God, a mobile home serving as that churchs parsonage, three more frame buildings in the church complex, two other dwellings, and a concrete block building. Non-contributing sites include two cemeteries from the Catholic Church and from the Church of God, the Catholic Church foundation and basement from 1913 (burned in 1973), foundations and rubble of a 1930 store and gas station complex (burned in 1973), foundation of a concrete building, foundation of a metal building.</p><br>
<p>A museum at the site interprets the massacre.</p><br>
<p>The north facade facing Lake Street of the Page Brothers Building, 177-91 North State Street in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States, features the city&#39;s last remaining cast iron front. Although this example was built after the 1871 Great Chicago Fire, iron facades were a common construction technique before the fire, and many of the iron fronts melted due to the intense heat. The original 5 story structure was built by John Mills Van Osdel, a prominent post-Fire architect known for buildings in the Jewelers Row District and Old Main at the University of Arkansas. In 1902, the west facade facing State Street was remodeled and another floor was added, reflecting the reorientation of commercial activity from Lake to State Street.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1975, and was later designated a Chicago Landmark on January 28, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Acton House is a historic house in located at 115 West Main Street in downtown Eaton, Ohio, United States. It is locally significant for both its architecture and its connection to John Acton.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1817 in a mix of the Federal and Italianate architectural styles, Moving to Eaton in 1816, Acton built his house in the following year. A two-story building, Actons house is three bays wide with a small attached hatters shop. The brick house rests on a foundation of stone; both its roof and various other elements are made of metal. While living in the house, Acton became a local government official; he was a director for the Eaton schools and presided over its school board for multiple years, and he served as one of the judges on the Preble County Court of Common Pleas.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of four Eaton locations on the Register, along with the site of Fort St. Clair and two bridges. Today, the house serves as an office for local lawyer K. Brent Copeland.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tobesofkee is a reservoir located on Tobesofkee Creek in Bibb County, Georgia. Built in the 1960s to control flooding, the lake soon became a site for public recreation and is known as one of the most heavily fished lakes in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 1963 and 1967 the USA Soil Conservation Service and the Bibb County Commission built a series of dams on Tobesofkee Creek to form flood control reservoirs, including Lake Tobesofkee. Locals often refer to the lake as "Tobo."</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Located three miles from I-475, Lake Tobesofkee Recreation Area has three public parks named Claystone, Sandy Beach, and Arrowhead. Besides facilities for fishing, camping, boating, and tennis, the parks have three white sand beaches for swimming or picnicking. Arrowhead Park includes several miles of singletrack mountain biking trails.</p><br>
